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Ryan Holiday's book, The Obstacle is the Way: The Timeless Art of Turning Trials into Triumph, has a simple theme. Rather than throwing up your hands in defeat whenever you're faced with a difficult problem, approach it with a Stoic mindset and turn it into an opportunity for personal growth. Holiday has become somewhat of a modern-day popularizer of Stoic philosophy with his many books on the subject. In fact, this book is the first in a series of three.

The book is divided into three parts, each representing overlapping elements of his plan for everyday people to incorporate Stoic philosophy into their own lives: perception, action, and will. In the final chapter, Holiday summarizes how these elements can be adopted; "See things for what they are. Do what we can. Endure and bear what we must." His view is that facing life's challenges with this tripartite ethos presents opportunities for personal growth, if you're open to it.

Stoic philosophy has become popular over the last several years because it offers a way for people to get the most out of life without deferring to religion. There are some very good books on the subject, but this isn't one of them. This book is written in the simplistic, condescending tone of a self-help book written by a self-anointed sage on the topic. Holiday's version of Stoic philosophy is less philosophical and more productivity-oriented—despite a postscript chapter declaring those who finished reading this book are now philosophers. According to Holiday, philosophy has been hijacked by academics and squirrelled away from the public in the hallowed halls of the Ivory Tower. Such a sentiment betrays the author's profound misconception of philosophy.

The book is peppered with examples of famous people incorporating elements of Stoic philosophy to overcome some seemingly insurmountable obstacle. These examples are used to illustrate basic Stoic maxims. Some of the advice provided is good. But some is ill conceived at best and flat out wrong at worst—like disregarding rules when they get in the way of achieving some objective. Unfortunately, I cannot recommend this book nor can I bring myself to endure two more books in this series, let alone the other dozen or so by the same author.

This review was originally published on The Ink Smudge, March 1, 2023.

Journalist Geoff Dembicki's The Petroleum Papers: Inside the Far-Right Conspiracy to Cover Up Climate Change follows naturally from an earlier book by Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway, Merchants of Doubt, which documents a complex campaign of disinformation to discredit science on matters of political importance, such as denying the negative health effects of smoking, the ecological impact of pesticides, and human-induced climate change. Oreskes and Conway showed that these propaganda campaigns are mostly based around a strategy developed by the tobacco industry in the 1950s, usually by a relatively small number of bad actors. It involves funding scientific research that produces industry-friendly results, grooming credentialed scientists to represent industry's interests in court, and challenging mainstream science in both traditional and, more recently, social media to give the public the illusion that the science is uncertain. This is a very effective strategy with a long history of calling into doubt perfectly good science that produces results that are not favourable to industry, and delaying the implementation of any public policies that could negatively affect corporate profitability.

The Petroleum Papers looks at how major players in the Canadian oil sands of northern Alberta waged a similar disinformation campaign to protect some of the dirtiest oil in the world. Unlike traditional oil wells, where oil is pumped out of vast underground reservoirs, oil from the Canadian oil sands is mined as bitumen: a thick, solid mixture of oil and sand, which requires considerable processing to separate the oil from its sandy substrate. The more energy that's required for bitumen processing, the more carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere. Consequently, processing Alberta's bitumen contributes disproportionately to global climate change. Industry scientists knew in the 1960s that developing the Alberta oil sands would have devastating consequences on the climate, and by extension, the major ecological systems of the world. In fact, their early predictions were remarkably accurate in demonstrating how temperature increases tracked with atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Rather than making this information available to the global scientific community, they buried it and launched a coordinated, full-frontal disinformation campaign involving right-wing think tanks, foreign money, and high-level political influence, including oil-lobbyist-turned-prime-minister Stephen Harper. Once elected with a majority mandate, Harper cut regulations, purged the words "climate change" from government websites, and muzzled government scientists from speaking to the public about anything that might run counter to corporate interests.

Dembicki draws from a wide range of court documents, government sources, and internal corporate communications. His research is thorough and well documented. Although he covered Jason Kenney's cheerleading for the Alberta oil sands to wealthy American investors of the Petroleum Institute (Jason Kenney was a high-level minister under Stephen Harper's government who was later elected premier of Alberta in 2019), the book ended before Danielle Smith was appointed as Alberta's premier. By the time Smith took over the provincial top job, the basic strategy was set to transfer Alberta's wealth directly into the coffers of oil and gas companies.

Before her most recent run for public office, Smith was an oil lobbyist with the Alberta Enterprise Group. As a lobbyist, she and Alberta Energy Minister Peter Guthrie advocated for the R-Star program, which ostensibly was to incentivize oil and gas companies to clean up their abandoned wells province-wide. The incentive would be a $20 billion dollar gift from the taxpayers of Alberta, even though the gift recipients are already obliged by law—or, some might say, "incentivized"—to clean up their own mess.

The R-Star program was developed by the Sustaining Alberta's Energy Network (SAEN), an oil and gas advocacy group. As though it was made for Dembicki's book (perhaps Volume II), SAEN's founder, Kris Kinnear, was Smith's campaign manager and now holds the position of Special Projects Manager in the premier's office. All Smith needs now is to be granted a mandate by Albertans to give their treasure away to Big Oil and Gas, with an election anticipated by the end of May.

My biggest quibble with The Petroleum Papers is that it ended too soon. I don't say this in a self-immolation sense; rather, I say this because this story is still being written. Kenny gave a billion dollars away to oil and gas. Smith is preparing to give away up to $20 billion. And just last week (February 18, 2023), Christine Anderson, a member of Germany's Alternative für Deutschland (AfD)—a neo-Nazi party—was gifted a white cowboy hat, typically reserved for dignitaries, after her invited talk at the Petroleum Club in Calgary.

You just can't make this stuff up. Thank goodness for Geoff Dembicki and his ilk for recording it all. I can feel the "I told you so's" from here.

It's difficult to review a book that has been read by many thousands or millions of people over the past two thousand years or so, including world leaders, philosophers and other academics, athletes, and everyday people who just want to live their best lives possible. Meditations by Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome (161-180), was never intended to be read by anyone other than its author. It is a collection of Aurelius' thoughts as they occurred to him, presumably over the course of his life. This book has no plot, no story arc, and no relatable characters, per se. Instead, it's a record of his daily journal that has been translated, interpreted, and transcribed repeatedly down through the ages. The individual entries have been compiled into 12 books, which are loosely arranged in chronological order; although there is some debate about that.

This book is remarkable for two important reasons. It provides a glimpse into the thoughts of a Roman emperor, and it defines his personal life philosophy. Aurelius was a student of Stoic philosophy, which he carried with him throughout his life. Meditations represents his version of Stoic philosophy as he applied it to his own life. It's this philosophy that informed his approach not just as a ruler, but also as a human being. The philosophical virtues that were important to Aurelius and other ancient Stoic philosophers transcend time and are just as applicable today as they were back then.

This is not a book to be read once and returned to the shelf to collect dust. It's meant to be read slowly and repeatedly; it's meant to be studied. I found myself often reflecting on individual passages while I searched for ways these ideas were relevant to me and my own circumstances. I've only read this book once, but it's clear to me that new revelations are likely to emerge with each subsequent reading. Very few books can maintain their relevance beyond a few decades, let alone centuries or millennia. But this one does. This is one book to which I will return often as I polish my own personal philosophy, as so many have done before me.

As author Polly Morland was cleaning her mother's library she came across a misplaced book. It was, "A Fortunate Man" (1967) by John Berger, which was about a country doctor who practiced in her own community some five decades before. This book is about the doctor who replaced the Fortunate Man, who herself was inspired to pursue family medicine by the same book when she was a medical student two decades earlier.

This biography is as much about person and place as it is about the transformation of family medicine from the human connections of a country doctor to a monolithic public service focused on efficiencies, fiscal accountability, and key performance indicators. It's a story that mirrors a similar transformation of society at large. As a member of the community she serves, the Fortunate Doctor knows her patients as more than just reporting data, but as human beings, and all the complexities and baggage that that involves—as did the doctor who served in this place before her.

If you value humanity as more than just efficiencies and performance metrics, then this book will move you. Morland's writing is beautiful at times, and brutal when it needs to be. It's a book that forces you to reflect on your own interpersonal connections and question if society's trajectory affords us a reasonable chance to meet the challenges of the future. When that challenge is healthcare, one British country valley lights the way.

Peter Leigh transformed his life from a down-and-out junkie by embracing religion and becoming a well respected pastor. He married Beatrice, the nurse who saved him from himself and cared for him through the worst of his transformation. They both offered their services to USIC, a private corporation that was trying to establish a human colony on Oasis, a far off planet light years from Earth. After a rigorous screening process, Peter was hired on a mission to bring religion to the indigenous people of Oasis, the Oasans. Bea, who did not get past the initial screening, stayed home, holding down the fort and caring for their cat, Joshua, while the world fell down around her.

This is a story about western colonialism and corporate exploitation of indigenous peoples for power and profit, and how religious indoctrination is used to achieve those ends. Despite Peter's best intentions, he was blind to the fact that he was being used as an instrument of USIC to get the Oasans to produce white flower--the only edible, and highly versatile, plant on the planet. In return, USIC provided the Oasans with drugs, which also worked to USIC's benefit. The company was prepared to go to any length to advance its interests, even if it meant great personal costs to the indigenous peoples it exploited and its own employees, like Grainger (the USIC pharmacist) and Peter, among others. It counted on its employees' loyalty, personal commitment to USIC's agenda, and the naive trading abilities of the Oasans.

Although the various story lines followed the kinds of interpersonal relationships we all have with those around us, Faber constructed this story with layers and layers of nuance. The themes in this book ranged from politics and religion, to personal commitment and personal fallibility, to the tension between the environment and raw corporate avarice. It was just the sort of book that whisked you away somewhere far from your everyday travails here on Earth, but returned you thinking about your own circumstances and how interests other than your own got you here. You don't always have to go somewhere else to find your path. Sometimes it's right in front of you.

The last several years have seen a rise in contempt for expertise by a growing segment of society who seem to embrace, or even celebrate, ignorance. Examples from around the world are easy to find, but no more so than in the United States--especially since Donald Trump was elected, given his open hostility towards experts. The internet, especially social media, has provided anyone with an opinion--regardless of how misinformed it may be--with a platform that can potentially reach a global audience of millions. This has led to a growing sentiment that anyone's opinion on any matter is just as valid as anyone else's, regardless of the expertise of the person expressing it. Problem is, it's not.

But society has exacerbated this hostility towards expertise in a number of other ways beyond the internet. Shifts in reporting practices in the mainstream media that focus on engagement over veracity has led to a decline in the quality of information they disseminate. It has also led to a massive increase in the number of partisan media outlets, which has contributed to the growing polarization of society. Cognitive biases, such as the Dunning-Kruger effect, has led some of the least knowledgeable people on any given topic to confidently express and amplify their (usually misinformed) opinions the loudest, while actual experts use caution and caveats in expressing theirs. The education system has also eroded the value of expertise, where post-secondary institutions place more effort and funding on providing students with "experiences" and "safe spaces" than equipping them with critical thinking skills and resilience to adversity, which are both necessary for thriving and surviving in a pluralistic society.

When bona fide experts are rejected by society and replaced by the misinformed opinions of propagandists, charlatans, and their advocates, democracy itself is threatened. But that's where we find ourselves today. The Death of Expertise by Tom Nichols addresses this problem, as an expert himself, by defining the problem and offering a number of possible ways to correct it. Some have criticized Nichols for drifting out of his lane (as a political scientist) by writing on this topic, but I disagree. As an academic, he's exactly the right sort of person to write a book like this--someone who understands not only the problem with the public's perception of experts and expertise, but also someone who appreciates the wider implications if this problem is allowed to fester. The book is written in clear, simple language without "dumbing-down" the content, so that maybe those who need this message most are more likely to read this book.

Democracy has been in decline around the world for the last several years, as the ascendance of the far-right, including Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil, Marine La Pen in France, the AfD in Germany, and Donald Trump in the United States, has made clear. The health of any democracy can be measured objectively using a polity score, which determines if a country is an autocracy (low polity score), a democracy (high polity score), or an anocracy—something between an autocracy and a democracy. Since Donald Trump was elected in 2016, the polity score for the United States has been in a state of steady decline. After the January 6, 2021 insurrection on the U.S. Capitol, the polity score dropped sufficiently for the U.S. to be recategorized as an anocracy. That means that the United States is no longer the longest-standing continuous democracy. That title now belongs to Switzerland, followed by New Zealand and Canada.

The historical, social, political, and economic factors that determine why countries descend into civil wars are complex. However, two variables can predict the probability of civil war more than others: anocracy and factionalism. Civil wars rarely break out in full democracies or autocracies either because governance is strong and citizens are generally happy in the former, or autocratic rulers use strong-arm tactics to quash uprisings in the latter. The risk of civil war increases when democracies slip into anocracy. Factionalism occurs when people organize themselves into political, economic, racial, or religious groups. Social media is it's most powerful weapon. With the rise of white nationalism, the United States finds itself as a factionalized anocracy, and the risk of civil war is high.

The book's author, Barbara Walter, is a distinguished political scientist who has made civil wars throughout history the focus of her research. Although the particular issues that lead to conflict are specific to each country, the basic factors that lead to civil war—such as poor governance or government institutions, economic or social disparity, or racial injustice—are remarkably similar. Countries that have been on the path to civil war but have managed to avoid it have all strengthened their democracies through improved governance, equality, and education. Walter also recommends global efforts to regulate social media in a way that preserves democracies around the world while at the same time protects free speech.

I found this book disturbing. If it wasn't clear before January 6, 2021 that even the strongest democracies are fragile and need to be defended against aggrieved authoritarian factions, it should be after reading this book. Walter's thorough and thoughtful research into the geopolitical, social, and economic forces that drive countries toward civil war, synthesized in crystal clear prose, provides a valuable mirror that we can use to reflect on ourselves and correct our course before it becomes too late. Her insight and wisdom hasn't come a moment too soon. Everyone who cares about democracy should read this book.

The well known psychological state of Flow was essentially defined by this famous book. Flow occurs when one is singularly focused on a challenging task where time seems distorted, distractions seem diminished, and one's sense of well being is high. Although this state is usually achieved spontaneously, and most of us have experienced it at least occasionally, it has been extensively studied and the factors that induce it are known. If one understands these factors, then entering a flow state on demand is possible.

In order to achieve a flow state, one must learn how to focus attention on the task at hand and reduce distractions. The task, whether it's physical or mental, must be challenging with clear goals or outcomes. One must approach these tasks with genuine interest or curiosity, otherwise, the motivations will not allow for a flow state to develop. For example, if you're researching a topic because you want to win a debate or showcase your brilliance in a social group, you're unlikely to experience flow because the motivation is extrinsic. However, if you're researching a topic to satisfy your intrinsic curiosity, then a flow state is possible.

It seems to me that there's a lot of overlap between mindfulness or meditation and flow. Both require focused attention, openness to new experiences, and practice in order to achieve the desired state—a calm mind. A disordered mind is the opposite of a calm mind, which the author calls cognitive entropy. Several examples are provided where people have managed to achieve a flow state in the most mundane of circumstances, like the assembly line worker, the prisoner in solitary confinement, the lawn cutter. Each develops routines to fill in the boring parts. They'll focus on the tiniest of details or invent games to help them achieve a flow state pass the time in as enjoyable a manner as possible.

Ironically, I found the author's writing style a bit distracting, which prevented me from experiencing flow while reading this book, even though reading is one of the best flow-inducing activities. In his effort to provide relevant examples to help make his point, he lists off several relevant but arbitrary items to make the point. Here's a sample:

For a child, it could be placing with trembling fingers the last block on a tower she has built, higher than any she has built so far; for a swimmer, it could be trying to beat his own record; for a violinist, mastering an intricate musical passage. For each person, there are thousands of opportunities, challenges to expand ourselves.

It was the arbitrariness, I think, that I found most distracting. I also found that the latter half of the book was more about leading a fulfilling life rather than the flow experience itself. Although I appreciate the larger point he was trying to make—that flow experiences can be extended well beyond the immediate task at hand to life in general, especially as it relates to optimal performance—it still came off as a bit of a stretch from the familiar psychological state of flow. For me, a deeper discussion of the science behind the flow state would have been more useful.

Overall, there's no denying that this book is a classic. But I found it a bit "soggy in the middle," as some editors are wont to say—maybe even more so towards the end. I've read this book twice now just to convince myself that once was really enough.

Fellowship Point is a peninsula off the coast of Maine, once held by a proud indigenous hunting community before being taken over by rich American aristocrats—the Fellowship founders. The Fellowship established five grand manors on the peninsula, allowing the partners and their descendants to conserve the natural wonders of the Sank—now a bird sanctuary, but once a fertile hunting ground for the peninsula's rightful stewards.

The story follows two of the founding partners' descendants, Agnes and Polly, who were life-long friends, but now in their eighties, faced with the prospect of their own mortality and the conundrum of what to do with Fellowship Point once they're gone. Polly's children wish to dissolve the fellowship and develop the land for profit, as does the only other known descendant, Archie. Agnes has no children and fears that once she's gone, all her and her ancestors' conservation efforts would be for naught.

On the surface, this is a story about diverging generational and cultural values, environmental conservation and stewardship, aging, and the complexities of life-long friendships. But this book is richly layered in symbolism and metaphor, and at its core, it's a searing misandrist diatribe. With few exceptions (i.e., Robert the handyman, and Seeley, Archie's wife), men are portrayed as bumbling twits, underhanded money grubbers, or corporate shills, while women are portrayed as victims, innocent do-gooders, and the only sensible voices.

There's no doubt that Dark is a talented author. She deftly piled layer after layer of texture and nuance to a heart-warming story. But I found the underlying themes deeply disturbing and, frankly, unnecessary. I'm sure there's an appetite for this kind of vitriolic brow-beating, however cleverly disguised, but not from me.

It doesn't happen often, but every once in a while a book leaps out of nowhere, takes you by surprise, and changes you. Write For Your Life by Pulitzer Prize winning author Anna Quindlen is one such book. After reading it, I've come to realize that my favourite books are those about writing written masterfully by a literary artist; books like Bird by Bird by Anne Lamott, or How to Read Literature Like a Professor by Thomas C. Foster. There are many reasons to read this book. But read it for the writing. The eloquence alone is enough.

In many ways, this is an author's plea for everyday people to pick up their pens and write about their normal, ordinary lives; to preserve a snapshot of the writer in their particular time and place. The simple act of note-taking can offer a glimpse of history that would otherwise be lost because of its ordinariness. But that ordinariness is the fabric of life, and it's up to us to preserve it for our future selves and everyone who follows.

Handwriting offers a direct connection between writer and reader. Imperfect handwritten lines betray the emotional state of the writer more faithfully than illuminated pixels on a computer screen. The weight of the pen stroke and the shape of the loops and swirls betrays the writer's mood. Frustration shows in a swift-flicked line struck through a misspelled word. Sweeping arrows and tight marginalia on a handwritten manuscript reveal the progression of an idea. No combination of electrons, copper, and silica can confirm the physical existence of a writer in any time or place like the handwritten word.

But writing is much more than a way to preserve the past. It is as much for the writer as it is for the reader. It offers an emotional outlet for doctors and nurses and anyone else who lives their life in a fast-paced, high-stress environment. It is an expression of creativity and innovation. It is both counselor and friend. Writing is thinking.

This book was a surprise for me because it stumbled into my possession before I knew anything about the author or even what this book was about (beyond writing, of course). I hadn't prepared to be so moved. There are some funny passages, and some deeply personal passages that left me soggy-eyed and reaching for a tissue. Just the visceral responses it induces speaks to the power of the writing. I rank this among one of the best books I've read this year. I would encourage everyone, writers and non-writers alike, to read this book. It is sure to change you, too.